Bali, often called the "Island of the Gods," is known for its unique harmony between the microcosm of human life and the macrocosm of the natural environment. This delicate balance is deeply embedded in its traditional architecture, which reflects a synergy between cultural, religious, and environmental elements. Home to approximately four million people, Bali is Indonesia's only Hindu-majority province. While 1.7% of Indonesia's total population practices Hinduism, 87% of Bali's residents follow the faith. Over centuries, Balinese architecture has evolved through influences from the ancient Bali Aga culture, the Majapahit Kingdom, Dutch colonization, migration, and the rise of global tourism. Visitors are captivated not only by its temples and natural beauty but also by its evolving architectural styles, which strive to preserve the island's cultural essence.
At the heart of Balinese architecture is a deep connection to the cosmos. According to Balinese Hindu cosmology, the universe is divided into three realms: Bhur (underworld), Bhuwah (human realm), and Swah (heavens, home of the gods). These cosmic zones influence the spatial orientation of the buildings, with Kelod (towards the sea) symbolizing impurity and Kaja (towards the mountains) representing sanctity, thus making Mount Agung, the highest point of the island, the most sacred place. The island's architectural landscape is defined by its sacred temples such as Pura Besakih, the Mother Temple, located on the active volcano Mount Agung, Pura Tanah Lot, built on a coastal rock, and Pura Ulun Danu Beratan on Lake Beratan. These sites embody spiritual principles through their design and location. In addition to these sacred and religious sites, the island boasts other remarkable architecture, such as the former water palaces, Tirta Gangga and Taman Ujung, of the royal family of Karangasem, known for its tranquil water gardens and royal architecture. A symbol of Indonesia's cultural heritage is the 121-meter-tall Garuda Wisnu Kencana statue, inspired by the Hindu story of Garuda's search for Amrita, an elixir of immortality, designed by I Nyoman Nuarta. These landmarks showcase Bali's blend of natural beauty, spirituality, and cultural expression.
